Table of Contents
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
Part I: Human Societies and Societal Safety Sciences
Chapter 1: What Do Societal Safety Sciences Aim at?
1.1 Is the Unexpected and the Unpredictable on the Steady Increase in the Twenty-First Century?
1.1.1 Unexpected Accidents
1.1.2 Unexpected Accidents and Societal Safety
1.2 Alleviating and Living with Disasters?
1.2.1 Purpose of Societal Safety Sciences
1.2.2 Hazards, Incidents, Accidents, and Disasters
1.2.3 Reducing and Coping with Risks?
1.3 Building Safe and Secure Society Together
1.3.1 Events That Threaten Human and Examining Them
1.3.2 Societal Safety Sciences as a Field of Synthetic Science
1.3.3 Methodologies and Problems with Societal Safety Sciences
References
Chapter 2: Advancement in Science and Technology and Human Societies
2.1 Advancement in Science and Technology and Changes in Human Societies
2.1.1 Human History and Transition of Population
2.1.2 Background of Population Increase During Early Stages of Industrial Revolution and Its Historical Meaning
2.1.3 Problems We Face in the Modern Society
2.2 Birth of Megacities and High-Speed Mass Transportation
2.2.1 Modern Societies and Megacities
2.2.2 Transportation Systems That Support Modern Societies
2.2.3 Disasters and Vulnerability of Megacities
2.3 ICT, AI, and the Modern Society
2.3.1 Development of ICT and Highly Advanced Information Society
2.3.2 Information Security in the Information Society
2.3.3 AI and Safety and Security in Human Society
References
Chapter 3: Contemporary Societies and Risk
3.1 How People Cope with Risks in Contemporary Societies
3.1.1 Risk Perception by Human
3.1.2 Significance of Risk Perception for Resolving Social Problems
3.1.3 Contemporary Societies and Mass Media
3.2 Evaluation and Measures Against Risks in Contemporary Societies
3.2.1 Purpose of Risk Evaluation
3.2.2 Understanding Disasters
3.2.3 Difference in Evaluations of Natural and Social Disaster Risks
3.2.4 Discussion on Global Risk
References
Chapter 4: Modern Societies and Establishment of Scholarship
4.1 Human Societies and the Start of Scholarship
4.1.1 Origin of Scholarship
4.1.2 Decline of Scholarship in the West and Its Development in the Arabic Regions
4.1.3 Birth of Universities and the Twelfth-Century Renaissance
4.2 Birth of Modern Science
4.2.1 Pioneers of Modern Science
4.2.2 Birth of Academic Societies and Specialized Fields
4.3 Advancement of Scholarship and Specialization
4.4 Births of Safety Engineering, Disaster Science, and Risk Analysis
References
Part II: Events That Threaten Human and Its Societies
Chapter 5: Human, Nature, and Artificial Products
5.1 Environment That Surrounds Human and Societies
5.2 Hazards in Natural and Social Environments
5.3 Development of Hazards into Accidents and Disasters
5.4 Risks for Evaluating Accidents and Disasters
5.5 Problems That Are Common to Accidents and Disasters
References
Chapter 6: Natural Disasters
6.1 History of Natural Disasters in the Japanese Islands
6.1.1 Disaster Environments of Japan
6.1.2 Natural Disasters Up to the Mid-eighteenth Century (End of Edo Era)
6.1.3 Natural Disasters in the Mid-eighteenth Century (Meiji Era) and After
6.1.4 Changes in Disasters Caused by Changes in Social Environment
6.2 Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions
6.2.1 Mechanisms of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions
6.2.2 Earthquake Disasters and Their Transition
6.2.3 Predicting and Countering Earthquake Damages
6.2.4 Volcanic Eruptions and Their Transition
6.2.5 Predicting and Countering Volcanic Eruptions
6.3 Ground and Sediment Disasters
6.3.1 Types of Ground Disasters and Mechanisms of Their Occurrences
6.3.2 Types of Sediment Disasters and Mechanisms of Their Occurrences
6.3.3 Ground and Sediment Disasters
6.3.4 Preparations for Preventing Ground and Sediment Disasters, Measurement, and Monitoring
6.4 Hydrosphere Disasters
6.4.1 Mechanisms
6.4.2 Scenes of Damages
6.4.3 Damage Mitigation
References
Chapter 7: Social Disasters and Damages
7.1 Social Disasters and Damages
7.1.1 Accidents with Infrastructures
7.1.2 Accidents with Industrial Products
7.1.3 Automobile Accidents
7.1.4 Drug Toxicity and Safety in Medical Care
7.2 Human Errors and Accidents
7.2.1 Hazardous Human Errors
7.2.2 Human Errors and Accidents
7.2.3 Human Errors and Accident Prevention
7.3 History of Major Social Disasters and Their Countermeasures
7.3.1 History of Social Disasters and Accidents
7.3.2 Overview at Major Measures Against Social Disaster
References
Chapter 8: Environmental Risks
8.1 Change in Biological System and Risk of Infection
8.1.1 Accidents with Infrastructures
8.1.1.1 Spread of Plague in Medieval Europe
8.1.1.2 Dengue Fever Front Moving North with Warming and Increased Risk of Infection
8.1.2 Changes in Lifestyle and Risks of Infection
8.1.2.1 Worldwide Spread of Cholera in the Nineteenth Century
8.1.2.2 Once a National Disease for Japan, Tuberculosis
8.1.2.3 HIV/AIDS Continues to Spread
8.1.3 Risks of Pandemic with Infection to New Influenza and Alike
8.2 Risks of Climate Changes and Their Countermeasures
8.2.1 Risk of Climate Changes
8.2.2 International Actions Toward Climate Change Risks
8.3 Environmental Risks and Their Countermeasures
8.3.1 Environmental Risks of Chemical Substances
8.3.2 Higher Concerns over Environmental Risks and Changes in Countermeasures
8.3.3 Managing Environmental Risks
8.3.4 Problems in Environmental Risk Management of Chemical Substances
References
Chapter 9: War, Crimes, and Terrorism
9.1 War, Crimes, Terrorism, and Societal Safety Sciences
9.2 War, Its Damages and Causes
9.3 Damages from Crimes
9.3.1 World Comparison of Crimes
9.3.2 Trend of Crimes in Japan
9.4 Terrorism
9.4.1 Trend of Terrorism
9.4.2 Changes with Terrorism
9.4.3 Measures for Terrorism Prevention: Case of the United Kingdom
9.4.4 Current State of Terrorism Prevention in Japan and Problems
References
Part III: Risk Analysis and Management
Chapter 10: Methods in Risk Analysis
10.1 Evaluation and Probabilities of Risks
10.2 Analysis and Forecast Models of Risks
10.3 Decision-Making for Risk Minimization
Chapter 11: Risk Management
11.1 What Is Risk Management?
11.1.1 Nature of Risk Management
11.1.2 Concept of Risk
11.1.3 Elements of Risk
11.1.4 Process of Risk Management
11.1.5 Establishing the Context
11.2 Risk Assessment
11.2.1 Risk Assessment
11.2.2 Risk Identification
11.2.3 Risk Analysis and Evaluation
11.3 Risk Treatment
11.4 Executing Risk Management
11.4.1 Communication: Sharing Understanding about Risk Treatment
11.4.2 Coordination: Organizational Structure of Risk Management
References
Chapter 12: Risk Communication and Disaster Information
12.1 Risk Communication
12.1.1 What Is Risk Communication?
12.1.2 What Information to Provide with Risk Communication
12.1.3 Roles of the Sender and Receiver of Risk Communication
12.1.4 Risk Communication of Societal Risk and Personal Risk
12.2 Disaster Information
12.2.1 Importance of Disaster Information
12.2.2 Transferring Emergency Information
12.2.3 Transferring Reconstruction Information
12.2.4 Information for Awareness and Promotion
12.3 Disaster Education
12.3.1 Transition of Concept of Learning and Disaster Education in Need
12.3.2 Disaster Education as an Opportunity for Mutual Communication
12.3.3 Importance of Sharing the Meaning of Disaster Management
References
Chapter 13: Crisis Management
13.1 What Is Crisis Management?
13.1.1 Meaning of Crisis
13.1.2 Significance of Crisis Management
13.1.3 Relation Between Risk Management and Crisis Management
13.1.4 Fink´s Crisis Management Theory
13.2 Crisis Management of the Administration
13.2.1 Origin of Crisis Management: Cuban Missile Crisis
13.2.2 Crisis Management by the Japanese Government
13.2.3 USA that Learned Its Lesson: Summary of Disaster Crisis Management
13.3 Crisis Management of Corporations
References
Part IV: Social Mechanisms for Disaster Management
Chapter 14: Public Systems for Disaster Management
14.1 Societal Safety and Legal System
14.1.1 What Is Law? System of Law
14.1.2 Corporations and Societal Safety
14.1.3 Central and Local Governments and Societal Safety
14.2 Administrative System and Societal Safety
14.2.1 Concept of Nation and Societal Safety: Watchman State and Welfare State
14.2.2 Societal Safety and Administrative Offices
14.2.2.1 Police and Administration
14.2.2.2 Self-Defense and Administration
14.2.2.3 Natural Disasters and Administration in Japan
14.2.2.4 Advancement of Scientific Technology and Administration
14.2.2.5 Health Maintenance and Administration in Japan
14.2.2.6 Traffic and Administration
14.2.2.7 Consumers and Administration
14.3 Standardization and Standards
14.3.1 Value and Convenience of Standardization
14.3.1.1 What Is Standardization?
14.3.1.2 Value of Standardization and Problems
14.3.2 International Standards: Organization and Activities of ISO
14.3.2.1 International Standards and International Standardization Organizations
14.3.2.2 Organization and Activities of ISO
14.3.2.3 National Standards of Japan
14.4 Design Standards for Structures and Systems for Securing Safety
14.4.1 Design Standards for Structures
14.4.2 Introduction of Performance-Based Design and Qualification/Certification of Engineers
14.4.3 Nonconformance of Existing Structures and Fraud by Engineers
References
Chapter 15: Government Systems for Disaster Management
15.1 Disaster Management Activities by the Government
15.1.1 Maintenance and Management of Infrastructures
15.1.2 Government Plans of Disaster Management in Japan
15.1.3 Researches on Disaster Management
15.2 Public Systems for Societal Safety
15.2.1 Accident Investigation
15.2.1.1 Significance and Purpose of Accident Investigation
15.2.1.2 Types of Accident Investigation
15.2.1.3 History of Accident Investigation
15.2.1.4 Permanent Accident Investigation Organizations in Japan
15.2.2 Public Health Systems
15.2.2.1 Establishment of Public Health Systems
15.2.2.2 Definition of Public Health
15.2.2.3 Public Health in Japan
15.2.2.4 Health Center Operations as Defined in Community Health Act
15.2.3 Establishment of Emergency Lifesaving System
15.2.3.1 History of Emergency Medical System in Japan
15.2.3.2 Base Hospital upon Disasters and Formation of Medical Teams
15.3 Local Government and Societal Safety
15.3.1 Safety Securing Duties of Local Governments
15.3.2 System for Securing Safety by Local Governments
15.3.3 Local Governments and Emergency Drills
References
Chapter 16: Systems for Disaster Management in the Private Sector
16.1 Natural Disasters and Nonprofit Organizations
16.1.1 Disaster Relief and Nonprofit Organizations
16.1.2 Disaster Recovery and Rise of Social Business
16.2 Accident Prevention Activities by Companies
16.2.1 Accident Prevention Activities
16.2.2 Safety Management
16.2.3 Labor Safety and Health
16.3 BCP and Crisis Management
16.3.1 Internal Control Systems for Corporations and Crisis Management
16.3.2 Crisis Management and BCP
16.3.3 BCPs in Japan and Their Future
16.4 Market Economy-Based Disaster Management Activities
16.4.1 Insurance System
16.4.1.1 History of Insurance Systems and Their Structure
16.4.1.2 Disaster Management Functions with Insurances
16.4.2 Disaster Management Activities by Other Private Sectors
16.4.2.1 History of Disaster Management Activities by Other Private Sectors
16.4.2.2 Outline of Disaster Management Activities by Other Private Sectors
References
Major Insurance Brokers
Chapter 17: Supporting Disaster Victims
17.1 Suffering Damages
17.1.1 Effects on Disaster Victims
17.1.2 Effects on the Psychology of Disaster Victims
17.2 Systems for Victim Support
17.2.1 Legal Systems to Support Disaster Victims in Japan
17.2.2 Public Systems to Support Disaster Victims in Japan
17.2.3 Caring for the Minds in Disaster Victim Support
17.3 Being a Victim
17.3.1 Effects on Disaster Victims
17.3.2 Legal Systems for Supporting Criminal Victims in Japan
17.3.3 Public Systems for Criminal Victim Support in Japan
17.3.4 Psychological Care for Supporting Victims
References
Part V: For Advancement of Societal Safety Sciences
Chapter 18: Governance and Forming Agreement for Societal Safety
18.1 For Governance of Societal Risk
18.1.1 What Is Risk Governance?
18.1.2 HLW in Need of Governance
18.2 Trade-Offs About Societal Risks
18.2.1 Dilemma with Risk Governance
18.2.2 Risks and Their Trade-Offs
18.2.3 Dilemma of Distributing Cost of Diverse Risks
18.3 Forming Agreements for Risk Governance
18.3.1 Movement of Citizen Engagement in Public Plans
18.3.2 Difficulty in NIMBY-Type Risk Governance
18.3.3 For Risk Governance
References
Chapter 19: For Deepening of Societal Safety Sciences
19.1 Evolving Natural Disasters
19.2 Advancing Societal Safety Sciences to Precede Phenomena
19.3 Challenges of Societal Safety Sciences to Accomplish Safe and Secure Societies
References
Index
