Table of Contents
Abstract
Abstract (in Finnish)
Preface
Contents
Symbols and abbreviations
Introduction
Challenges in user studies
Outdoor lighting future directions
Research methodology - past and present
User appraisal of street lighting
Living Lab
Crowdsourcing
Research question
Outline of this thesis
Background
Usability and lighting research - the connection
The concept of usability
Usability testing methods
Experience Sampling Method
Vision, weather and safety
Traffic safety
Personal safety
Review of user studies in road lighting
Studies advancing research methodology
Experiment designs and initial illuminance recommendation, de Boer 1967
Pedestrians' visual needs, Caminada and van Bommel, 1980
Test method to raise the processing level of test stimulus, Akashi et al. 2007
Studies on visual performance
Mesopic and photopic detection threshold in foveal and peripheral vision, Eloholma 2005
Simulated surface irregularity test, Fotios 2009
Visibility simulations in intersections, Rea et al. 2009
Facial characteristics recognition evaluation, Iwata et al. 2014
Studies on effects of lighting on attention
Restoration and directed attention, Nikunen 2012
Identifying critical tasks for pedestrians, Fotios et al. 2014
Studies on perceived safety
Crime database review and a survey in relit area, Atkins 1991
Before/after study of three locations, Painter 1996
Four assessment studies of parking lots, Boyce 2000
Locations assessed for several attributes, Blöbaum & Hünecke 2005
Perception differences between different SPD, Rea et al. 2009a
Perception differences after a change of SPD, Knight 2010
Comparing different demographic groups' appraisals, Johansson et al. 2010
Exploring the effect of semantic priming on appraisals, Unwin et al. 2010 & 2014
Luminaire comparisons on pedestrian ways, Jaatinen 2010
Dynamic lighting distribution and perceived safety, Haans & de Kort 2012
Luminaire comparisons on pedestrian ways, Rantakallio 2011
More luminaire comparisons on pedestrian ways, Rantakallio et al. 2012
Changes in appraisals after retrofitting, Kuhn et al. 2012
Discomfort glare ratings, Lai et al. 2014
Entrapment, lighting and gender, Boomsma & Steg 2014
Studies on other subjective attributes
Spatial perception differences inside a car, Caberletti et al. 2007
Discomfort glare ratings, Bullough et al. 2008
Preference between MH and HPS, Ekrias 2009
Subjective appraisals of installations, Rantakallio 2011 revisited
Preference differences between motorways and urban areas, Viikari et al. 2012
Changes in appraisals after retrofitting, Kuhn et al. 2012
From adjective pair assessments to two quality indices, Johansson et al. 2013
Distribution adjustments and appraisals, Viliunas et al. 2013
Novel data analysis of appraisals, Romnée 2014
Use of Focus Group prior to lighting study, Kostic & Djokic 2014
From users' preferences to a new luminaire, Athledics project, Juntunen et al. 2014
Studies on eye gaze direction
Classifying gazed-at objects, Davoudian 2012
Gaze distributions on rural roads, Cengiz et al. 2013
Gaze directions walking on pavement, Luo 2014
Metastudies
Assessment of studies' reports, Unwin et al. 2010 & 2014
Assessment of studies supporting mesopic knowledge in practical installations, TNO 2010
Number of response categories, Atli & Fotios 2011
Review of face recognition tests, Fotios et al. 2014
Various commercial test installations of LED lamps
Unanswered questions in previous studies
Effect of luminous parameters and environment on perceived safety
Do subjective results measure the intended?
Attributes assessed to date
Summary of findings
Conclusions from prior research
Questions derived from empirical evidence
Test designs
Requirements for reporting
Product development of a feedback device
Goals
Requirements
Design choices
Device technology
Android software
Implementation overview
Device
Android software
Validation of device functionality
Step towards a Living Lab
Validation of data output
Validation of usability
User tests
Discussion
From literature to device requirements
The device in view of requirements
Known limitations
Summary
Viitteet
Appendices
Input device construction details
Input device source code
